1. iomv，零序电流互感器符号？

电压：U。

电流互感器：TA 。

电压（voltage），也称作电势差或电位差，是衡量单位电荷在静电场中由于电势不同所产生的能量差的物理量。其大小等于单位正电荷因受电场力作用从A点移动到B点所做的功，电压的方向规定为从高电位指向低电位的方向。电压的国际单位制为伏特（V，简称伏），常用的单位还有毫伏（mV）、微伏（μV）、千伏（kV）等。此概念与水位高低所造成的“水压”相似。需要指出的是，“电压”一词一般只用于电路当中，“电势差”和“电位差”则普遍应用于一切电现象当中。

电流互感器（current transformer，简称CT），其原理是依据电磁感应原理，由闭合的铁心和绕组组成。它的一次绕组匝数很少，串在需要测量的电流的线路中，因此它经常有线路的全部电流流过，二次绕组匝数比较多，串接在测量仪表和保护回路中，电流互感器在工作时，它的2次回路始终是闭合的，因此测量仪表和保护回路串联线圈的阻抗很小，电流互感器的工作状态接近短路。电流互感器起到变流和电气隔离作用， 它是电力系统中测量仪表、继电保护等二次设备获取电气一次回路电流信息的传感器，电流互感器将高电流按比例转换成低电流，电流互感器一次侧接在一次系统，二次侧接测量仪表、继电保护等

2. 8002a电路参数？

8002A极限参数(Ta=25℃) 特性符号最小值最大值单位 电源电压VDD-7V 工作温度TOPR-4085℃ 环境温度TA-65150℃ 节点温度TJ150℃ HBM ESD耐压2000 MM ESD耐压200 在极限值之外,芯片的工作性能不能保证。

8002A电气参数(VDD=5V,RL=8Ω,Ta=25℃) 参数符号测试条件最小值标准值最大值单位 电源静态电流IDDVIN=0V,IO=0A,无负载4.4mA VIN=0V,IO=0A,负载8Ω4.3 工作电压VDD1.66V 芯片掉电漏电流IOFF4.2uA 输出失调电压VOS3.720mV 输出电阻RO78.510KΩ

3. 共射分压放大电路输入电阻有多大？

1. 输入电阻很大。2. 这是因为共射分压放大电路的输入电阻主要由基极电阻和发射极电阻组成。在共射放大器中，基极电阻很大，通常在几十千欧姆到几兆欧姆之间，而发射极电阻也相对较大。这样的高输入电阻可以有效地隔离输入信号源和放大电路，避免对输入信号源造成负载影响。3. 高输入电阻的特性使得共射分压放大电路能够对输入信号进行有效放大，同时不会对输入信号源造成明显的影响。这对于信号传输和放大来说非常重要，因此输入电阻的大小在设计和应用中需要被充分考虑。

4. 如何自学电脑？

电脑不仅能帮助我们快速完成重复性的工作，而且提供了一种休闲娱乐的方式。学电脑能够快速入门是每个新手梦寐以求的事情，但是不是每个人都能快速入门的。但是如果定制好合理计划，循序渐进，就会收到非常好的效果。

电脑的组成

一个完整的电脑由软件和硬件组成。硬件主要包括我们常见的鼠标，键盘，显示器，主机和各种储存介质，电脑的硬件如同人的躯干和四肢；而软件如同人的大脑和神经系统，软件在硬件的基础上才能工作。

基础入门

启动电脑

电脑启动就是我们常说的“开机”，也是启动操作系统的过程。开机具有一定的顺序：

1、打开显示器

2、打开主机

3、开机自检

4、启动成功

通过上述步骤启动电脑，叫做冷启动，是常规的开机步骤。此外，在特殊情况下，我们还可以通过下面两种方式启动电脑。

热启动：是指电脑处于开机的状态下，通过【开始】菜单中的【重新启动|】命令对电脑进行重新启动。

复位启动：当电脑在运行过程中出现异常而不能运行，且采用热启动失效时，可以采用复位启动方式重启电脑，方法是按下主机箱上的【复位】按钮即可。

关闭电脑

使用完电脑后，需要将其关闭。电脑的关机顺序与开机顺序正好相反。即先关主机电源，然后逐一关闭外部设备的电源。遵循正确的开关机顺序可延长电脑的使用寿命。

正确的关机方法为：在系统桌面上单击【开始】按钮，在弹出的【开始】菜单中单击【关机】按钮，电脑将停止所有程序并退出操作系统，接着系统将自动断开主机电源，然后再依次关闭显示器、音箱等外接设备即可。

如何使用键盘

键盘是用于操作计算机设备运行的一种指令和数据输入装置，也指经过系统安排操作一台机器或设备的一组功能键（如打字机、电脑键盘）。

电脑键盘由功能键区、主键区、编辑键区，数字键区和小键盘区5个区组成。其中常用操作打字是在主键区完成的。

键盘是最常用也是最主要的输入设备，通过键盘可以将英文字母、汉字、数字、标点符号等输入到计算机中，从而向计算机发出命令、输入数据等。

如何使用鼠标

鼠标，是计算机的一种外接输入设备，也是计算机显示系统纵横坐标定位的指示器，因形似老鼠而得名（港台作滑鼠）。其标准的称呼应该是“鼠标器”，英文名“Mouse”。鼠标的使用是为了使计算机的操作更加简便快捷，来代替键盘那繁琐的指令。

一般的鼠标上有左键，右键和滑轮三个部分。

计算机的储存介质

计算机的储存介质有：硬盘、U盘、光盘和软盘等。

硬盘

电脑硬盘是计算机最主要的存储设备，硬盘一般分为固态硬盘（SSD）和机械硬盘（HDD）两种。固态硬盘读写速度更快，但存储容量较小，机械硬盘存储容量较大但同容量大小，固态硬盘价格也更昂贵。

U盘

U盘是USB(USB flash disk)盘的简称，据谐音也称“优盘”。U盘是闪存的一种，故有时也称作闪盘。U盘与硬盘的最大不同是，它不需物理驱动器，即插即用，且其存储容量远超过软盘，极便于携带。

软件操作

电脑软件（Computer Software）是指计算机系统中的程序及其文档。一般来讲软件被划分为系统软件、应用软件，系统软件为计算机使用提供最基本的功能，可分为操作系统和支撑软件，其中操作系统是最基本的软件，常见的操作系统包括为微软的Windows系统。

软件的基础操作

软件的使用包括软件的下载、安装和卸载：

软件的下载

1、浏览器下载

2、软件官网下载

3、电脑管家或360软件管家等下载软件（下图为360软件管家）

软件安装

第一种就是你下载下来的是.exe文件的应用程序，这种程序一般都是安装包，就是你双击之后，会进入安装界面；第二种就是不需要安装的，你下载下来的是一个压缩文件，你只需要解压就可以使用。

电脑软件安装过程中特别要逐一择安装设置（安装盘位）的选择、流氓软件选项勾选等。

软件的卸载

控制面板—程序和功能—找到要卸载的软件—右击卸载

软件的启动

电脑软件的启动方法一般有双击，右击-打开或从开始菜单单击打开

1、一般安装软件后会在桌面创建快捷方式，直接打开。

2、若桌面没有快捷方式，可以在电脑左下角的“开始”—“程序”里面打开。

3、若“程序”里面也没有，可以打开软件的安装位置打开。

说明：第三种方法是按默认的安装路径找到的软件安装文件夹打开程序的，实际情况可以根据软件的具体安装路径选择打开。

应用软件的操作

文件操作包括如何操作打开，关闭、删除、移动、重命名和编辑文件

文件打开

文件打开方式见“如何启动软件”部分

常见不同后缀、格式文件打开方法：

.txt .doc .docx .obt 这些格式可以用微软的office打开，或者用wps打开。

mp3格式文件可以使用使用电脑自带的Media Player播放器或者其他的音乐播放器。

mp4、mpg. mpeg.等文件可以使用电脑自带的电影和电视功能或者其他视频软件打开。

文件关闭

一般软件点击右上角的“×”，再点击“确认”，即可关闭文件

文件删除

1、选中文件-右击-删除

2、选中文件-按“delete”键，即刻删除

文件移动

方法一：长按鼠标左键选中并拖动鼠标移动文件到想要的地方

方法二：右击鼠标—剪切-打开需要移动的地方-右击粘贴

文件重命名

方法一：选中文件—右击—重命名

方法二：鼠标左击—键盘F2，即可进行重命名

文件管理基础知识

硬盘分区

电脑中的文件都存放在硬盘中，而新买回来的硬盘相当于一张白纸 ，为了能够更好地使用它，需要在，白纸上划分出若干小块。然后再打上格子。硬盘分区就是这个道理，在安装操作系统之前，需要进行硬盘分区和格式化，然后才能投入使用。对硬盘进行分区后，各个分区独立使用，互不影响。在操作系统中每个分区都用一个盘符表示，如本地磁盘（C）、本地磁盘（D）等。

存储路径

文件的存储路径，就是文件在电脑硬盘中的存储位置，由硬盘分区、文件夹和子文件夹构成。其中硬盘分区的盘符为路径的第一项，是第一级目录，也叫做根目录，后面紧跟冒号和斜线（：/），文件夹和子文件夹中间则以斜线（/）隔开。

如何使用浏览器

主要介绍如何使用浏览器（以及搜索引擎）查找资料。

1、首先在浏览器中输入搜索引擎的网址，以百度为例：

2、然后就进入搜索引擎所在网页，这样才能进行搜索：

3、之后在搜索栏中输入搜索内容，可以是词语、短语也可以是句子：

4、最后点击百度一下进行搜索：

5、然后就可以得到想要的信息了：

电脑的日常维护

日常注意事项

电脑的五大要害：静电、灰尘、水、震荡、病毒是电脑的五大要害

1、防静电：防止静电损坏电脑各部分电子原件，处理办法是将电脑机箱外壳接地，尽量使用三脚电源插头。

2、防尘：防止灰尘进入电脑机箱内，使用时保持环境清洁，并定期清理电脑主机内的灰尘。

3、防水：防止液体进入电脑的任何部分，保持室内通风。不要将电脑放在湿度较大的房间使用。

4、防震：在使用的过程要防止对电脑的震荡，应将电脑平稳放置在电脑桌上，以防不小心摔落等

5、防病毒：病毒是电脑的一大要害，在日常使用中要防止病毒的进入，需要给电脑安装防病毒软件，并经常更新病毒库，经常给电脑杀毒。

显示器维护

液晶显示器最大的禁忌在于触摸液晶面板。液晶面板表面有专门的涂层，这层涂层可以防止反光，增加观看效果。而很多用户不知道这点，总是习惯于用手去摸液晶屏幕，殊不知人手上有一定的腐蚀性油脂，会轻微的腐蚀面板的涂层，时间长了会造成面板永久性的损害。这种被损坏的面板在使用中会有斑驳陆离的感觉。另外，有些人喜欢用手去压面板，觉得很有意思。这绝对是个恶劣的习惯，这样做会导致坏点和暗斑，这可是永久性的损害，绝不可修复的！

主机维护

在电脑运行过程中，机器的各种设备不要随便移动，不要插拔各种接口卡，也不要装卸外部设备和主机之间的信号电缆。如果需要作上述改动的话，则必须在关机且断开电源线的情况下进行。

不要频繁地开关机器。关机后立即加电会使电源装置产生突发的大冲击电流，造成电源装置中的器件被损坏，也有可能造成硬盘驱动突然加速，使盘片被磁头划伤。因此，这里我们建议如果要重新启动机器，则应该在关闭机器后等待10秒钟以上。在一般情况下不要擅自打开机箱，如果机器出现异常情况，应该及时上报。

数据存放在不同分区，减少磁头对某一扇区的经常读写，导致这一扇区的损坏。 建议你使用不同的媒介定期对你的重要数据进行备份，并存放在不同的地方。一个文件可以在备份盘上放一份，可以打印一份，可以刻录成光盘。

键盘、鼠标的日常维护

（1）保保持清洁 过多的灰尘会给电路正常工作带来困难，有时造成误操作，杂质落入键位的缝隙中会卡住按键，甚至造成短路。我们在清洁键盘时，可用柔软干净的湿布来擦拭，按键缝隙间的污渍可用棉签清洁，不要用医用消毒酒精，以免对塑料部件产生不良影响。清洁键盘时一定要在关机状态下进行，湿布不宜过湿，以免键盘内部进水产生短路。

(2)不将液体洒到键盘上 一旦液体洒到键盘上，会造成接触不良、腐蚀电路造成短路等故障，损坏键盘。所以我们一般不要边喝茶边坐在电脑前,这样一不小心茶可能就洒在键盘上.

电脑病毒防护

电脑一旦感染了病毒，就会出现很多症状。导致系统性能的下降，影响用户的使用，甚至造成灾难性的后果。电脑在日常的使用过程中要定期进行病毒查杀，防患于未然。常用的电脑杀毒软件有360，金山毒霸和电脑管家等等。以金山毒霸为例介绍电脑杀毒的过程。

1、打开程序主界面

2、选择杀毒方式

3、开始杀毒。程序对磁盘内容自动进行扫描，如果检测到病毒会自动进行清除，并将结果显示在扫描栏中。

4、除此之外还可以对特点的盘进行杀毒。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑不仅能帮助我们快速完成重复性的工作，而且提供了一种休闲娱乐的方式。学电脑能够快速入门是每个新手梦寐以求的事情，但是不是每个人都能快速入门的。但是如果定制好合理计划，循序渐进，就会收到非常好的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8cU4MA2QEaii2J3ZNVoktc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑的组成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmA2s4woYC2yUmIQvf9mQUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑的组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/87d69d2955f648feac3ab47ccbf71e3d","width":336},"text":"","id":"doxcnqs8UM2owm4IMYdbeOlkAkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个完整的电脑由软件和硬件组成。硬件主要包括我们常见的鼠标，键盘，显示器，主机和各种储存介质，电脑的硬件如同人的躯干和四肢；而软件如同人的大脑和神经系统，软件在硬件的基础上才能工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOm0OCuOMmoM4QNGA9SO8Lb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基础入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4cgggKKYQ4aiSYuqtsQo6c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"启动电脑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaoiIIwmA0msCOScbmWVnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑启动就是我们常说的“开机”，也是启动操作系统的过程。开机具有一定的顺序：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyse2oUqkA0QW6q5OiHDGyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、打开显示器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ20eGOmWYyIGh1tlEscKwf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"启动电脑","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/728c3e972f794f9ba5ae35fc2a6a0b6f","width":642},"text":"","id":"doxcnSkgsCe0CwSsWI3XRisgjAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、打开主机","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06Mw44A6i2mkqA9JvN8wOd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":390,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"启动电脑","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c2e0fb32d364a12ae2c7e033f77ae6a","width":616},"text":"","id":"doxcnQ2ACMwgkQK8kWkClP3x12b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、开机自检","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQggCECkEqeoIygZfMBWjzb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":374,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"启动电脑","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27efc701142d426694a3e61e353fa97c","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnuewEc6mSUAWu0zihOBW3LV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、启动成功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKoSSEac2q4wsgRAgyMpbMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"启动电脑","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fcb840a9c7604e729f3b41267c81f998","width":624},"text":"","id":"doxcneCWqc0IYs2wi2remimlawb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过上述步骤启动电脑，叫做冷启动，是常规的开机步骤。此外，在特殊情况下，我们还可以通过下面两种方式启动电脑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6cMcOCSeqAuQEHhdfA4Vth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"热启动：是指电脑处于开机的状态下，通过【开始】菜单中的【重新启动|】命令对电脑进行重新启动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86GKwQIOIo4Y688BafbS8A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"复位启动：当电脑在运行过程中出现异常而不能运行，且采用热启动失效时，可以采用复位启动方式重启电脑，方法是按下主机箱上的【复位】按钮即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmOk2ISwgEWQAz2D0DSwUc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":311,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"启动电脑","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4d67fc730ae747bcaba3c44130a2a212","width":560},"text":"","id":"doxcniQUimmAaiMuOaOOQbIvDBh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"关闭电脑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0KUOiM6OwA04Ehh6CaR3yb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用完电脑后，需要将其关闭。电脑的关机顺序与开机顺序正好相反。即先关主机电源，然后逐一关闭外部设备的电源。遵循正确的开关机顺序可延长电脑的使用寿命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyKGuoyo06MGg9Tg8mc0Gb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的关机方法为：在系统桌面上单击【开始】按钮，在弹出的【开始】菜单中单击【关机】按钮，电脑将停止所有程序并退出操作系统，接着系统将自动断开主机电源，然后再依次关闭显示器、音箱等外接设备即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncWeSGigomQYKQ52OGajTfg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":353,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"关闭电脑","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4d2a6c5b5dea4e5b9b263bf5d0049780","width":570},"text":"","id":"doxcngQwgq2yWyYg0OnLDgeP0sb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用键盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAK2qCO4SsGU0kBmHwqtyPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"键盘是用于操作计算机设备运行的一种指令和数据输入装置，也指经过系统安排操作一台机器或设备的一组功能键（如打字机、电脑键盘）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUmsSWSa406MCsP2ZtHUS6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑键盘由功能键区、主键区、编辑键区，数字键区和小键盘区5个区组成。其中常用操作打字是在主键区完成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8ma6s8uCw0WmAYg74E0Gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"键盘是最常用也是最主要的输入设备，通过键盘可以将英文字母、汉字、数字、标点符号等输入到计算机中，从而向计算机发出命令、输入数据等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAmyKiigowaGApju587O5g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":441,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用键盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c279ca6c6ff41949f25651e4403e504","width":717},"text":"","id":"doxcnEAGYiwU2KoSWAZdykin7Th"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2}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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGosQ2CuSKy6oqkLRLxZilc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":851,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件的启动","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff10a1e5788a43528ca655aa086f351b","width":1157},"text":"","id":"doxcneemAEEumqy8CkroYQvKMXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"说明：第三种方法是按默认的安装路径找到的软件安装文件夹打开程序的，实际情况可以根据软件的具体安装路径选择打开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKMqCwIEqSGis06K3RZTEMc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"应用软件的操作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYkqaUMCsSK6c6NjEUzCjqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件操作包括如何操作打开，关闭、删除、移动、重命名和编辑文件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngw2qcG4igyeOkTkY16OOpe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件打开","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSo6QGIoWkeGMVuzquSxKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件打开方式见“如何启动软件”部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUiQMs4WKESyQaEW6u2Xqvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见不同后缀、格式文件打开方法：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMIKs86WcEAYcWmQuglYAZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":".txt .doc .docx .obt 这些格式可以用微软的office打开，或者用wps打开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOucCoyCUM6k25LBy7J0ih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":864,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件打开","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8aad1505bea04d6b95450ca2dd3c1a33","width":1004},"text":"","id":"doxcnmGyKyQEu08qAewer5eJ8Vc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"mp3格式文件可以使用使用电脑自带的Media Player播放器或者其他的音乐播放器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneI0COQcSG6cAy67UR5IwCf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":414,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件打开","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b0826de3e99e469ab89db035a5bdd2e2","width":473},"text":"","id":"doxcnq4mg624UMKMM2bRU4iPmVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneCA4M8QgIoeEEcrQa10S4S"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"mp4、mpg. mpeg.等文件可以使用电脑自带的电影和电视功能或者其他视频软件打开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYeOgKuMw6c2oC05AaDDw5b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":390,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件打开","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b1b94bc5ffc4c6cb1952276b2e3fe82","width":465},"text":"","id":"doxcnUckMEKyceKWy2hAuKLDkWe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件关闭","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn260EgqGMamseAF1a94k90f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般软件点击右上角的“×”，再点击“确认”，即可关闭文件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY4yI0uO4yMYuMTviRw5YCf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":265,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件关闭","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bcd7c2ec494846be995cfe0cdd8542f9","width":1920},"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6OuYYIIaQcqU7YTbv1lVc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件删除","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8qyog2cGo8qC6id3Twkath"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、选中文件-右击-删除","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniKIwacO8OSOAmuF8H1rNId"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":370,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件删除","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0876b78b99074dd6a05008db379f270d","width":523},"text":"","id":"doxcnS0oMS4CAuQQA7yMGDBPtcr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、选中文件-按“delete”键，即刻删除","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM8UCwIyY2gIS4Qtl6NPZme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件移动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnko4UOMSSuE4em8VOJExOXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法一：长按鼠标左键选中并拖动鼠标移动文件到想要的地方","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAYkOSwCeIcUq65MJKmBlbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法二：右击鼠标—剪切-打开需要移动的地方-右击粘贴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKMQyIiOuQ0qAqeqzVOZxTf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":379,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件移动","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/649e297f60704d19aec017b9510f566d","width":650},"text":"","id":"doxcnE28skCsKqCWoJGTe0x0hkI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件重命名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI4Kcq20qEUEE2L7hnujbsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法一：选中文件—右击—重命名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngCc6OMWomWAi8T5wvdKxZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法二：鼠标左击—键盘F2，即可进行重命名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOawqgyqIk4AOKGQKTO2md"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":385,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"文件重命名","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae5debc0934e43b28efe1c591dc6e145","width":586},"text":"","id":"doxcn8Cwu2MiEMYOsINjrmW3vOh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件管理基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm2kumkCYuYqc42FTqsSmRe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬盘分区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqyuY6E6kE8MGg7EGz69Zd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑中的文件都存放在硬盘中，而新买回来的硬盘相当于一张白纸 ，为了能够更好地使用它，需要在，白纸上划分出若干小块。然后再打上格子。硬盘分区就是这个道理，在安装操作系统之前，需要进行硬盘分区和格式化，然后才能投入使用。对硬盘进行分区后，各个分区独立使用，互不影响。在操作系统中每个分区都用一个盘符表示，如本地磁盘（C）、本地磁盘（D）等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGOYUEEwuMI6Uq0SoFxCmof"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"硬盘分区","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7712ec643e843149d3ae7855e5d1584","width":1006},"text":"","id":"doxcn08YuuYEAaUAosP61kmkQwh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"存储路径","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqyKQO0a2E28eATIVxWdQKh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"存储路径","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/52858a2949dc43d5bebb80031ba286bf","width":1096},"text":"","id":"doxcnaQOy2G4mkgkIgyrVfQ752G"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件的存储路径，就是文件在电脑硬盘中的存储位置，由硬盘分区、文件夹和子文件夹构成。其中硬盘分区的盘符为路径的第一项，是第一级目录，也叫做根目录，后面紧跟冒号和斜线（：/），文件夹和子文件夹中间则以斜线（/）隔开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWaSkqYM6GU4qAhNRayeSch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用浏览器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOwy2qsaCUUkqYTSH56oDch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要介绍如何使用浏览器（以及搜索引擎）查找资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSeu0I0OaOu0kI9mq3vLsxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先在浏览器中输入搜索引擎的网址，以百度为例：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMwe80waQQ0MASEEFGkKqkg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用浏览器","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6a3ee9abbe364a0191b619cc5f2a513c","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnA2aM4yGmuYIGyc7GjiUjbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后就进入搜索引擎所在网页，这样才能进行搜索：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8a6gcggMEW2O0axgNmdljh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用浏览器","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/65be3c837b4a470187c13e33fa41b58c","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnoA6OiWW0IoaY4ti7QM1GqS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、之后在搜索栏中输入搜索内容，可以是词语、短语也可以是句子：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEoI0Ag4mgCm4ygxXk1Dmee"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用浏览器","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5b8207f604ad4fa7aa601326847b504d","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnOiQswgy4WuqGc7Jzgj9zWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、最后点击百度一下进行搜索：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsAUWOSmoCqMEY7DaIbYhkc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用浏览器","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b6b7e77b6c26426f885e2c2de35b4f76","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnACqAimA4822ymu1XyrMfdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、然后就可以得到想要的信息了：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnac8qwWKmiawQME3wCX3a4w"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何使用浏览器","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/73daa938a5874dd5b19441a7ef21d380","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnM2IAOWqg8e2SiYh5uDZfTc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑的日常维护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwYogQ04cEqueKujItiSAee"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOQa0SaCgg28IyekDcsg7xd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑的五大要害：静电、灰尘、水、震荡、病毒是电脑的五大要害","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmE2OCW6gyEe2riQybL5Gb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、防静电：防止静电损坏电脑各部分电子原件，处理办法是将电脑机箱外壳接地，尽量使用三脚电源插头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQkGgc2gKuW2kRTCBQTbpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、防尘：防止灰尘进入电脑机箱内，使用时保持环境清洁，并定期清理电脑主机内的灰尘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEEuoaUQCqWI8ss8EbH09kb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、防水：防止液体进入电脑的任何部分，保持室内通风。不要将电脑放在湿度较大的房间使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaqQOgmEegkMysmefTrvdc8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、防震：在使用的过程要防止对电脑的震荡，应将电脑平稳放置在电脑桌上，以防不小心摔落等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmcQsYIgWAUeK6ORhhUelMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、防病毒：病毒是电脑的一大要害，在日常使用中要防止病毒的进入，需要给电脑安装防病毒软件，并经常更新病毒库，经常给电脑杀毒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6AkgcmWikI64wXPVc121sf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"显示器维护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWSK4QqMIM0WPCydY3UdJ7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"液晶显示器最大的禁忌在于触摸液晶面板。液晶面板表面有专门的涂层，这层涂层可以防止反光，增加观看效果。而很多用户不知道这点，总是习惯于用手去摸液晶屏幕，殊不知人手上有一定的腐蚀性油脂，会轻微的腐蚀面板的涂层，时间长了会造成面板永久性的损害。这种被损坏的面板在使用中会有斑驳陆离的感觉。另外，有些人喜欢用手去压面板，觉得很有意思。这绝对是个恶劣的习惯，这样做会导致坏点和暗斑，这可是永久性的损害，绝不可修复的！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4isEOMouuus2ErXRfeaiDe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"主机维护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS4qaUWCCkYMGA3Pcb8Hudb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":228,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"主机维护","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ee986820e8d4e56a2cff1f2a0ac9b8f","width":290},"text":"","id":"doxcnAI0qeaIwK0yUqGS8xLEAJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在电脑运行过程中，机器的各种设备不要随便移动，不要插拔各种接口卡，也不要装卸外部设备和主机之间的信号电缆。如果需要作上述改动的话，则必须在关机且断开电源线的情况下进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncKE6u8qkYaIa4szBuVynCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不要频繁地开关机器。关机后立即加电会使电源装置产生突发的大冲击电流，造成电源装置中的器件被损坏，也有可能造成硬盘驱动突然加速，使盘片被磁头划伤。因此，这里我们建议如果要重新启动机器，则应该在关闭机器后等待10秒钟以上。在一般情况下不要擅自打开机箱，如果机器出现异常情况，应该及时上报。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQi8GcCSaSK8kpHGL8JKewb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"数据存放在不同分区，减少磁头对某一扇区的经常读写，导致这一扇区的损坏。 建议你使用不同的媒介定期对你的重要数据进行备份，并存放在不同的地方。一个文件可以在备份盘上放一份，可以打印一份，可以刻录成光盘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOOW4OG8Wgy6GK4fXf8vGqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"键盘、鼠标的日常维护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGCyMqwQkciaQeerCBvdfMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）保保持清洁 过多的灰尘会给电路正常工作带来困难，有时造成误操作，杂质落入键位的缝隙中会卡住按键，甚至造成短路。我们在清洁键盘时，可用柔软干净的湿布来擦拭，按键缝隙间的污渍可用棉签清洁，不要用医用消毒酒精，以免对塑料部件产生不良影响。清洁键盘时一定要在关机状态下进行，湿布不宜过湿，以免键盘内部进水产生短路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSy2MIyGkYKCkuzzZbWOjbv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不将液体洒到键盘上 一旦液体洒到键盘上，会造成接触不良、腐蚀电路造成短路等故障，损坏键盘。所以我们一般不要边喝茶边坐在电脑前,这样一不小心茶可能就洒在键盘上.","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUIigmeqUQsI2c7FKXO32Xe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑病毒防护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni0GY48EKWKocOgPwbovBNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑一旦感染了病毒，就会出现很多症状。导致系统性能的下降，影响用户的使用，甚至造成灾难性的后果。电脑在日常的使用过程中要定期进行病毒查杀，防患于未然。常用的电脑杀毒软件有360，金山毒霸和电脑管家等等。以金山毒霸为例介绍电脑杀毒的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnayESKCwQsccQO3DfNJrpI6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、打开程序主界面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyII0O2AUAAEAEjbwDeZmQd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑病毒防护","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48bef00dfde9455180ae7e565a96451a","width":1150},"text":"","id":"doxcnyEAUWUCqiqeuSqJxR4hWCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、选择杀毒方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACQaOIiK6aMSAfsMrpFLHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑病毒防护","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20d4459218714fd3bfe7ad79421554aa","width":1150},"text":"","id":"doxcnMYuSKEqu6IwiEpFFaYoJjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、开始杀毒。程序对磁盘内容自动进行扫描，如果检测到病毒会自动进行清除，并将结果显示在扫描栏中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Aiwq0iWwQIe6I5NET5Ry7"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑病毒防护","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/380a7b7e6ca04cec998b1888f31b76d8","width":1150},"text":"","id":"doxcna66y8kqMAEOWMPfkeIhMic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、除此之外还可以对特点的盘进行杀毒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG2EEekkYCiKYKQYdMFhY2f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电脑病毒防护","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20e90fa900aa423e8790a1567331438f","width":1150},"text":"","id":"doxcnsgo6YWwsMoMyu2RhLVDMEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSuEciuc2U6Q6KHxAF4LlNm"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

5. ps修图技巧？

PS一般指Adobe Photoshop，是由Adobe Systems开发和发行的图像处理软件。修图也即修改图片，将图片进行一定的处理，修调，从而达到需要的效果。

了解界面

菜单栏

顶部区域是菜单栏，将Photoshop所有的操作分为九类，除了【帮助】选项，共九项菜单。如编辑、图像、图层、滤镜。

工具属性栏

蓝色部分称为工具属性栏，左侧工具栏中的每个工具选项都对应不同的工具属性(如下图)，所以选择不同的工具或选择不同的对象时出现的选项也不同。

工具栏

红色区域中的竖长条称为工具栏，也称为工具箱。对图像的修饰以及绘图等工具，都从这里调用。几乎每种工具都有相应的键盘快捷键。

浮动面板

PS的的右上方是浮动面板区域。浮动面板是Photoshop中非常重要的辅助工具，它为图形图像处理提供了各种各样的辅助功能。每个浮动面板都可以用鼠标进行拖拽随意放置符合你工作惯性的地方。

标题栏

标题栏显示的是对工作区命名。

状态栏

包含四个部分，分别为：图像显示比例、文件大小、浮动菜单按钮及工具提示栏。

图层工具栏

包含：图层关联、图层样式、蒙版、滤镜、图层组、图层、删除图层，这7大功能。

工作区

Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。

工作区灰色的区域称为工作区，用来显示制作中的图像。Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。

小窍门

具体每一个工具的名称，只要把鼠标移动到该工具上，旁边就会出现工具名称。

修图方法

使用多个图层

在工作中尽可能地使用多个图层，图层的作用，就是为了方便后期更改，否则Photoshop后期的修图和合成很难一次成型，为了让作品更完美，创作过程中会反复修改，因而最好在每一个关键的部分都新建一个图层。

图层透明度的修改，一般都是在图层上方有个透明度，拉下图层上放的透明度滑块就可以修改了，还有更快的方法，就是选择图层，按下键盘数值可以直接修改透明度，按下数值1就是修改10%的透明度，按下数值2就是修改20%的透明度，按下数值3就是修改30%的透明度，以此类推，可以快速改变图层透明度。

多使用蒙版

能想到删除和擦除这两个动作的地方，都可以用蒙版来代替。

删除和擦除是一种有破坏性的编辑，它们对于图层内容的伤害是不可逆的，而蒙版只是暂时隐藏选中的图像部分。好处在于，可以随时地对该部分图像进行继续隐藏或恢复等操作，并且无论操作多少遍，都对原图没有任何的破坏，蒙版是一种无损的编辑方式。

蒙版的使用方式

首先第一步打开素材，点击快速蒙版按钮。

使用画笔工具，大致选中照片中人像。

再次点击快速蒙版，退出快速蒙版模式，按住Ctrl+shift+I键进行反选。

在顶部菜单栏中执行“选择”-“选择并遮住”（老版本PS叫做调整边缘）。

接下来我们把透明度设为100，边缘检测半径设为60，移动边缘设置为15，选中净化颜色数值设置为57。

接下来选中调整边缘画笔工具，涂抹带有背景图层的位置，设置数值和效果。

多利用智能对象和智能滤镜

在对图像进行放大、缩小、扭曲、旋转和变形等操作时，都会有或多或少损失一部分画质，而将普通图层转化为智能对象后，再进行上述操作时，将保留图像一切的原始特性，不会对图像的原始画质造成任何的破坏，因而，智能对象也是一种无损的编辑方式。

右击图层，跳出来的窗口之后，选择“转换为智能对象”。

一些滤镜没有预览功能，只能设置一次参数看一次效果，如果不满意就得从头开始，使用智能滤镜后就可以很方便地修改滤镜的参数，不透明度和混合模式等。

多利用调整图层

当需要对图层的色阶、亮度，曲线和颜色等做出调整时，如果直接在原图上修改，那么后期将很难再进行调整，调整图层是一个独立图层调整，图层是一个独立图层，在这个图层上可以反复进行多次的无损调整，最终效果不满意，还可以直接删除这个调整图层，然后重新添加一个调整图层，就可以继续对原图层进行调整，这个过程对原图层是没有任何影响的。

多使用快捷键

使用快捷键，是最能提升工作效率的操作，这就好比设置的特殊电话号码，按“1”直接就是打给父母，按“2”就是直接打给妻子。

快捷键位置：

点击打开之后，界面如下：

抠图技巧

1、钢笔工具抠图

钢笔工具适用于外形复杂、不连续、色差不大的图，加工精度高、纯手工放大边界点来抠图，先将需要抠图的素材拖到ps中。

利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层。

选择“钢笔工具”。

接着在需要抠图的地方描点。

将需要抠出来的部分都圈住后点击鼠标右键，选择“建立选区”。

调整羽化半径，根据描点距离图片的距离选择，勾选“消除锯齿”后点击“确定”。

然后建立好选区，可以利用快捷键“Ctrl+C”复制选区的图层。

在一个空白图层利用快捷键“Ctrl+V”粘贴即可完成抠图。

2、魔术棒抠图

魔术棒抠图适用于图像和背景色色差明显，背景单一，图像边界清晰的素材，首先将图片素材利用ps打开

接着点击“魔棒工具”

然后调整容差值为“32”，勾选“连续”和“消除锯齿”

然后利用魔棒工具点击图片的背景区，选择一个区域后点击键盘上的删除键

把背景全部删除后即可完成抠图

3、色彩范围抠图

色彩范围抠图适用于背意景色单一，图像分明、背景无色彩的素材。首先利用Ps打开图片素材

接着点击“选择”选项卡

然后在弹出的选项中选择“色彩范围”

然后用颜色吸管拾取背景色

接着勾选“反相”并点击“确定”

然后会建立一个选区

最后利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层即可完成抠图

4、磁性索套工具抠图

磁性套索抠图适用于图像边界清晰，磁性索套会自动识别并黏附在图像边界上，如果边界模糊处放大了再放置这样就更精确，首先利用ps打开图片素材

然后选择“磁性套索工具”

接着将鼠标移到图像边界处，然后磁性套索工具自动识别并黏附在图像边界上

等磁性套索工具闭合后就将整个图像都选中了

然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层即可完成抠图

5、羽化法抠图

羽化法抠图适用于边界清楚的素材，首先利用ps打开图片素材

然后选择“套索工具”

接着利用套索工具将图像选中

然后点击鼠标右键，选择“羽化”

根据套索与图像的距离调整羽化半径，距离较近就调小点，如调整羽化半径为“5”后点击“确定”

然后就将图像抠出来了，但是周围有不需要的部分，可以利用橡皮擦工具擦去

点击选择“橡皮擦工具”

将周围多余的部分擦去即可完成抠图

6、蒙板抠图

蒙板抠图快速并直观适用范围广，首先利用ps打开图片素材

然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层

然后选择“图层1”并点击“添加图层蒙版”

接着将前景色调为黑色，背景色调为白色

调好后选择“画笔工具”

调整画笔工具的颜色为黑色，并选择图层蒙版

接着利用画笔工具将背景擦去即可完成抠图，如果不小心将图像擦掉了，可以交换前景色和背景色在擦除即可还原

7、通道抠图

通道抠图适用于色差不大，外形复杂的图形，像毛发及树枝等。首先利用ps打开图片素材

然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+j”复制一层图层

接着点击“通道”

选择并复制一个图像清楚的通道，如“蓝色”

然后点击“图像”选项卡

选择“调整”下的“色阶”

然后调整色阶以增强图像对比度，调整好后点击“确定”

接着选择“快速选择工具”

将图像选中，边界处可以放大在选择

选择好后点击“编辑”选项卡

在弹出来的选项中选择“填充”

将图像填充为背景色即为黑色，点击“确定”

然后选择“图像”选项卡

选择调整下的“反相”将背景设置为白色

接着利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层

接着将图层1和背景的“小眼睛”关闭即可查看抠出来的图像

8、反向抠图

找到图片，点击打开。

点击使用魔棒工具。

点击外部空白区域。

点击右键，点击“选择反向”。

再点击右键，选择通过拷贝（剪切）的图层。

删除背景图层。

如图，抠图完成。

去水印技巧

1、使用仿制图章工具去除

使用仿制图章工具去除文字这是比较常用的方法，具体的操作是，选取仿制图章工具，按住Alt键，在无文字区域点击相似的色彩名图案采样，然后在文字区域拖动鼠标复制以覆盖文字。

要注意的是，采样点即为复制的起始点。选择不同的笔刷直径会影响绘制的范围，而不同的笔刷硬度会影响绘制区域的边缘融合效果。

2、使用修补工具去除文字

如果图片的背景色彩或图案比较一致，使用修补工具就比较方便。

具体操作是：选取修补工具，在公共栏中选择修补项为“源”，关闭“透明”选项。然后用修补工具框选文字，拖动到无文字区域中色彩或图案相似的位置，松开鼠标就完成复制。

修补工具具有自动匹配颜色的功能，复制的效果与周围的色彩较为融合，这是仿制图章工具所不具备的。

3、使用修复画笔工具去除文字

操作的方法与仿制图章工具相似。按住Alt键，在无文字区域点击相似的色彩或图案采样，然后在文字区域拖动鼠标复制以覆盖文字，只是修复画笔工具与修补工具一样，也具有自动匹配颜色的功能，可根据需要进行选用。

4、应用消失点滤镜法

对于一些透视效果较强的画面(如地板)，可以应用“消失点”滤镜进行处理。

操作方法是，框选要处理的文字区域，(防止选区以外的部分也被覆盖)执行菜单命令：滤镜——消失点，进入消失点滤镜编辑界面。

1)选取左边工具栏中的创建面板工具，由地板砖缝交汇处开始，沿着缝隙，依次点四个点，连成一个有透视效果的矩形。然后拖动其边线向右方及下方扩展，令面板完全覆盖文字。

2)选取左边工具栏中的图章工具，按住Alt键点击选取源图像点，待颜色变化后，在文字区域拖动便完成复制。

人像磨皮

首先通过快捷键Ctrl+O键打开一张人物图片，然后通过Ctrl+J键将图片复制一层，在滤镜菜单下找到“Neural Filters...”单击打开。

先开启“皮肤平滑度”按钮，再调整“模糊、平滑度”数值，最后点击确定，以智能对象方式输出。

ps2021新增的平滑度滤镜可以一键识别人物脸部，并进行磨皮，还可以通过智能滤镜进行修改，效果与美颜相机类似。

图片上色技巧

首先我们用ps打开图片。

然后新建一个图层。

将图层混合模式设置为颜色。

接着选择画笔前景色。

然后在图层上使用画笔上色即可。

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Systems开发和发行的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"图像处理软件","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。修图也即修改图片，将图片进行一定的处理，修调，从而达到需要的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAMW0C6mMOQwQhP0dNL28g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"了解界面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOG0EkeiIAMyaaQpPmd3yS9"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":826,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"了解界面","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cbb730a375594958bc31935a635022b4","width":1596},"text":"","id":"doxcnUKg0GGgAsoiOAdDp0sfnsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YcU8m8IWoQScj6Ky9k5We"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"顶部区域是菜单栏，将Photoshop所有的操作分为九类，除了【帮助】选项，共九项菜单。如编辑、图像、图层、滤镜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86KQmYaKwg280GZe0wJKBe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具属性栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSyGWIQk8cAGWQH8T3c5w0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蓝色部分称为工具属性栏，左侧工具栏中的每个工具选项都对应不同的工具属性(如下图)，所以选择不同的工具或选择不同的对象时出现的选项也不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQmewCaWYgWsCC8fXskrnXf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygaE8sK6SeEwWcDB4HzNSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"红色区域中的竖长条称为工具栏，也称为工具箱。对图像的修饰以及绘图等工具，都从这里调用。几乎每种工具都有相应的键盘快捷键。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOycekuwMOEg0AlRpZq3Db"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"浮动面板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWemImGoIEa08kNVt4MCJSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PS的的右上方是浮动面板区域。浮动面板是Photoshop中非常重要的辅助工具，它为图形图像处理提供了各种各样的辅助功能。每个浮动面板都可以用鼠标进行拖拽随意放置符合你工作惯性的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCaGmO2C8ieaIC9sLdArsfb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"标题栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKoKeoMSkgoU8shBS9SRb0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"标题栏显示的是对工作区命名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGsKaAK6eAEgAWizJsn9jIb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"状态栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno6QqC8YsGCeGERK1QSddhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"包含四个部分，分别为：图像显示比例、文件大小、浮动菜单按钮及工具提示栏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeEgCGwwEMQKEz7raWlC9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"图层工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnicwgMqUgKU2YaAjZcIqKPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"包含：图层关联、图层样式、蒙版、滤镜、图层组、图层、删除图层，这7大功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwEUkys2KW6QESYm96yJESf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsYekI4YIWemuWU1kJgM3He"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKoKMgaaqS6qglwQt3yo2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作区灰色的区域称为工作区，用来显示制作中的图像。Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnww2s66uysCQeI1UqdNLhIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小窍门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnymiqCKK6qGgsYrInYD9s4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体每一个工具的名称，只要把鼠标移动到该工具上，旁边就会出现工具名称。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8K4CsceWySeWQTQQJwfYre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"修图方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqI6MIge4WCckd5FxWi8Ze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用多个图层","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6O8AS6c22sUXJbbq2mVog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在工作中尽可能地使用多个图层，图层的作用，就是为了方便后期更改，否则Photoshop后期的修图和合成很难一次成型，为了让作品更完美，创作过程中会反复修改，因而最好在每一个关键的部分都新建一个图层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaqE2CwScgQyewWbb1aAgZu"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":762,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用多个图层","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2c5517ab09234513b2b2f05799a40db5","width":1368},"text":"","id":"doxcnU0EKmauyOGeCofXXHSxy9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图层透明度的修改，一般都是在图层上方有个透明度，拉下图层上放的透明度滑块就可以修改了，还有更快的方法，就是选择图层，按下键盘数值可以直接修改透明度，按下数值1就是修改10%的透明度，按下数值2就是修改20%的透明度，按下数值3就是修改30%的透明度，以此类推，可以快速改变图层透明度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOOK2AkICcCA4UfNQ5n0GJg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"多使用蒙版","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC8WEIciu02I6mAeTSA7X6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能想到删除和擦除这两个动作的地方，都可以用蒙版来代替。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYUuWYG4EGmgegwW5Mx7Zc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"删除和擦除是一种有破坏性的编辑，它们对于图层内容的伤害是不可逆的，而蒙版只是暂时隐藏选中的图像部分。好处在于，可以随时地对该部分图像进行继续隐藏或恢复等操作，并且无论操作多少遍，都对原图没有任何的破坏，蒙版是一种无损的编辑方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsmqAyYIqUmi2a86CRuTfSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"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Filters...","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"”单击打开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneWwwGyCmoQqAeYgfsygQGf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":783,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人像磨皮","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2511fe647024db28616225624acf15c","width":1115},"text":"","id":"doxcnIKS8A8sIYyqcaKA65mXP8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先开启“皮肤平滑度”按钮，再调整“模糊、平滑度”数值，最后点击确定，以智能对象方式输出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq6kwiu6AC4WkC8TBIKASah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人像磨皮","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/43c245f6293b4b7e892530d9d3fe0cae","width":1092},"text":"","id":"doxcnqM6KOigAUISSOuOso7VVmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ps2021新增的平滑度滤镜可以一键识别人物脸部，并进行磨皮，还可以通过智能滤镜进行修改，效果与美颜相机类似。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAk8s2iES6uSaArclZ65Ng"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人像磨皮","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac439eb02ef04e20ab2d891a299c5ee7","width":1092},"text":"","id":"doxcnoKoAkGS0qQeQ4Ah54hrkId"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAKCuGii8qK8vHXZleNPm7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先我们用ps打开图片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUouuiCqQAc0UxyRVH7Wef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":550,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d39d1a2db2754c3c9efbada903759711","width":1200},"text":"","id":"doxcnQa0IuigSQUkKs2PHjmfIYH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后新建一个","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"图","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUgkaKsc2gqiko9PNa1Cclg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ab59b1f0b99c46f7af7a26588aa9e24f","width":1100},"text":"","id":"doxcn0kwGouWeY2ww8X3qZekIBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将图层混合模式设置为颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0MsM0Q8A4MSCK6iCIwwDsh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":433,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bd72fb60fac0484d91f5aeaab0bac46f","width":670},"text":"","id":"doxcnuw0yGc4iyIKaEdMQKrjTPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着选择画笔前景色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoiE6ISsQyUOSEEtfNbN4Yf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":548,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48684d4be4634a83b1b1a3c16efa7e2f","width":1200},"text":"","id":"doxcn684O2qgIW8cSusMinAkiQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后在图层上使用画笔上色即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMSicoEMmoyAeycrBK4i8ed"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

6. CPUGPUNPUTPUSOC？

先回答问题：SoC复杂度最高、技术门槛也最高，是集成各种功能部件的大一统芯片。但隔行如隔山，各种芯片也都各具专业性，不可或缺、不可替代。

芯片相关几个概念

CPU：中央处理器（Central Processing Unit），是电子计算机系统的运算和控制核心，是信息处理、程序运行的通用执行单元。其它专用计算单元，以及电子计算机三大核心部件CPU、内部存储器（RAM）、输入/输出（IO）设备，都是在CPU的统一调度及指挥下运行的，CPU就是计算机系统的大脑。

GPU：图形处理器（Graphics Processing Unit，简称GPU），又称显示芯片，是专门在个人电脑（PC）、工作站、游戏机和移动设备（如平板电脑、智能手机等）上负责图像和图形相关运算的微处理器。最初图像、图形运算也是由CPU完成的，但是随着计算机系统图形、图像运算量的急剧上升，就出现了专职的GPU。GPU可以大大减少计算机图形图像处理任务对CPU的依赖，正所谓专业的事由专业的芯片来处理，可以让CPU从繁重的图形图像处理中解脱出来。

NPU：是专门负责人工智能（Neural-network Processing Unit，也可以叫神经网络处理器）计算的部件。这是计算机芯片领域的新军，但是AI计算也与GPU有同样的职责，那就是负责专业的计算。这可以大大减轻负责通用计算的CPU的负担，更可以提高人工智能处理的效率。

TPU：张量处理单元（TPU）是一种谷歌设计的定制化ASIC芯片，专门用于AI机器学习工作。TPU为谷歌的主要产品提供计算支持，包括翻译、照片、搜索助理和Gmail等。Cloud TPU将TPU作为可扩展的云计算资源，并为所有在Google Cloud上运行尖端ML模型的开发者与数据科学家提供计算资源。因此TPU并非用在手机上的芯片。

SoC：是System on Chip的缩写，称为芯片级系统，直白的说就是所有计算系统集成在一个芯片上的意思。SoC在通用计算机上并不需要，因为所有专业计算部件都集成在一起，自然性能受限，但是SoC却正是智能手机这样的移动计算需求所需要的。各种计算部件甚至部分存储部件都集成在一个芯片上，可以大大减小芯片的体积和能耗，解决移动设备计算的看似相互矛盾的几大需求：在体积要更小、重量要更轻、能耗要更小的前提下，性能更强大。而且SoC可以大大简化移动设备电路板的结构及设计，提高设备可靠性。

从以上各种芯片计算部件的介绍可以看出，除了CPU是负责控制及通用计算之外，其它几种都是应需而生，从CPU职责分家而出的专业计算部件。但是SoC则是集各种通用或专业计算、存储部件于一体的单一芯片，是集成其它各种计算单元（部件）的系统。

各种芯片（或计算部件）的技术门槛简析

根据所用设备基本功能的差别，芯片大体上可以分为区别明显的二个技术路线。

一、PC（个人计算机、桌面计算机）、Server（各种服务器）等以性能为最主要需求，功耗及体积等次之的一类；

二、以智能手机、智能手表、平板电脑等为主的特别关注功耗与体积、重量，而性能次之的一类。

上述第一类设备对芯片的需求，主要是更高的性能、更专业化的分工。这就像英特尔、AMD的CPU不断提高性能但能耗越来越大，以及英伟达的图形图像芯片计算能力、功耗甚至比CPU还高一样。

正是因为不断追求更高的计算性能，实际上目前云计算、通用计算、人工智能计算的能耗竟然成了社会的一大负担，一个计算中心的能耗甚至堪比一个城市的电能消耗。这类芯片不在乎集成问题，也不追求最高的制程工艺，因而CPU、GPU、TPU等计算单元基本上都是分离、独立的芯片。

第二类设备对芯片的需求，则几乎正好相反。人们更关注体积、重量、可靠性、能耗控制，性能则排在了次要位置，所以尽管计算部件的专业分工也越来越细，但是芯片集成度却越老越高，最终就产生了SoC这个大一统的芯片。为了这几个极致追求，移动芯片是目前全球半导体行业技术含量最高、使用顶级制造工艺的产业。目前火爆的所谓7nm、5nm甚至很快就将实现的3nm制程工艺，几乎就只有移动芯片在使用。

显而易见，SoC就是最复杂、集成度最高、设计及生产难度最大的芯片，也可以说就是技术门槛最高的芯片。

下面就以最新的华为麒麟9000这款顶级5G SoC为例来分析SoC的基本结构

随着华为Mate40系列旗舰手机的发布，麒麟9000也终于浮出水面。这款全球第一颗5nm制程工艺的5G SoC，方寸之间集成了153亿个晶体管，是目前全球半导体业界集成晶体管最多、功能最完整的5G SoC，也是当之无愧最复杂的芯片。

由芯片架构示意图我们可以看出，这颗SoC中包含了CPU、NPU、GPU、5G基带（Modem）、ISP、LPDDR 5、HiFi Audio、UFS、4K HDR Video、移动安全芯片。

显而易见，除了TPU（通常是AI机器学习的云端计算所用，手机中主要是用NPU进行AI相关处理）没有，麒麟9000不但包含了题目列出的其它所有芯片，甚至还包含了更多的其它芯片模块功能。

其中CPU部分是8个核心，包括1个3.13GHz A77大核、3个2.54GHz A77中核、4个2.04GHz A55小核，超过骁龙865 Plus 3.1GHz，是目前频率最高的移动处理器。

同时集成的24核Mali-G78 GPU，架构超过麒麟990 Mali-G76，24核也多了一半，性能提升达60％。

AI方面集成两个大核、一个微核的NPU，性能提升100％，还有四核ISP的专用部件。

基带芯片是负责网络、通信的芯片，是移动芯片的核心之一，华为在5G时代移动基带上的技术领先已经毋庸置疑。麒麟9000搭载的基带模块，业界首创四网协同技术，可将Wi-Fi 2.4GHz、Wi-Fi 5Ghz、主卡5G、副卡4G进行高效融合，在多变的网络条件下带来聚合高网速、稳定低时延，实现网络优选、并发下载。

安全方面，麒麟9000芯片是全球首个通过国际CC EAL5+的移动终端芯片，HarmonyOS微内核则获得了商用OS内核最高安全认证等级——国际信息技术安全评估标准CC EAL5+认证，还通过了移动金融芯片和载体认证(国内)、国际FIDO身份验证标准、ePrivacyseal等国际权威安全隐私认证。甚至华为已经在麒麟9000SoC直接集成了硬件的中国数字货币（DECP）钱包。

小结

很明显，SoC是芯片领域皇冠上的明珠，其设计复杂度之高、技术门槛都是其它芯片不可比的。

但是有一点要注意到，CPU、GPU、NPU及通信基带等芯片的计算要求是各不相同的，技术专业性特别强，每个领域都有最强的厂商、独门技术及其相应的知识产权积累。做SoC最强的，未必是各种芯片技术都是业界最强的。

如华为SoC是明显领先的，而且华为的5G技术、基带芯片、NPU等都是最强者之一，但是通用CPU的最强者却是英特尔、AMD，GPU高手则是英伟达、AMD、高通（移动领域），移动CPU目前则是苹果、高通更强。

所以，技术的基本特点就是专业性，隔行如隔山，跨界是最难的。

以上观点对您有参考价值，请点个赞支持下，多谢！欢迎留言参与讨论，或关注我了解更多科技资讯。

7. ca3080引脚功能？

CA3080是一种被称为OTA的IC它是一种差动输入/电流输出型的OP放大器。 互导GM用公式GM=△I0/△E1表示。而GM=19.2*IH，所以可得到与偏流IA成正比的GM。因为是电流输出，其内阴RO非常大，R≈7500/IA/10的负3次方。

根据以上关系，可用下式计算输出电流I：I=GM。E1=19.2*IA。EIO 再用A2进行电流电压转换之后可获得输出电压。

根据正负EI=IO/19.2*IA，当IO=1MA，IA=1MA时，CA3080的输入电压正负EI为52MV；当IA=10UA时，则为5.2V。IA比较小时，转换速度就会降低，所以不能太小。应尽量采用较大的IA值，并在输入端R1和R2组成的电阻分压电路，调整最大输入电平，R1的值根据用途确定。

如果输出电流IO按1MA设计，当最大输出为正负10V时，OP放大器A：的反馈电阻则应取10/10的负3次方千欧，R5=8.2千欧，VR2为5千欧（可调节）。

偏流IA的输入办法：为了能使与控制电压VC成正比的电流流过，可使用基极接地的PNP晶体管。

如基极电流忽略不计，输入电流I1N=（VC-VBE）/R4，当电压VC低于VBE≈0.5V时，IA则几乎等于0，没有放大功能。 由于整个电路采用直流耦合，所以OP放大器A2中加了失调调整电路。

如果输入、输出加了隔直流电容，并且只有AC电流渡过时，可不加失调调整电路。

在A1的反相输入端，经过串联电阻R7之后进行失调调整也可以。 注释 其它的VCA 采用模拟乘法器也可实现VCA。

通常乘法器的传输特性可用EO=X.Y/10（X、Y的输入电压范围为0~正负10V）表示。

如果给输入端X、Y中的任何一个施加直流控制电压（0~正10V），放大倍数A则可在0~1倍之间变化。

也有专门为VCA制作的单片IC，三菱公司的M5241L等属于这种IC。用于音量调节时，也将其称为电子电位器。虽然叫作VCA，但实际并没有增益，应称作电压控制衰减器。

新日本无线公司的NJM4200是一种价格便宜的模拟乘法器。

在其外部OP放大器和电阻，可以形成高精度的VCA，因其上限频率为数千赫，所以在视频波段不能使用